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Books Video icon An illustration of two cells of a film strip. You are to blame, my lord, to rate her so. Nurse I speak no treason. Nurse May not one speak? O, sweet my mother, cast me not away! Delay this marriage for a month, a week; Or, if you do not, make the bridal bed In that dim monument where Tybalt lies. My husband is on earth, my faith in heaven; How shall that faith return again to earth, Unless that husband send it me from heaven By leaving earth? Alack, alack, that heaven should practise stratagems Upon so soft a subject as myself!
Some comfort, nurse. Nurse Faith, here it is. Then, since the case so stands as now it doth, I think it best you married with the county. Nurse And from my soul too; Or else beshrew them both. Nurse What? Nurse Marry, I will; and this is wisely done. O most wicked fiend! Is it more sin to wish me thus forsworn, Or to dispraise my lord with that same tongue Which she hath praised him with above compare So many thousand times?
Go, counsellor; Thou and my bosom henceforth shall be twain. Now, sir, her father counts it dangerous That she doth give her sorrow so much sway, And in his wisdom hastes our marriage, To stop the inundation of her tears; Which, too much minded by herself alone, May be put from her by society: Now do you know the reason of this haste. Look, sir, here comes the lady towards my cell.
Are you at leisure, holy father, now; Or shall I come to you at evening mass? My lord, we must entreat the time alone. Juliet, on Thursday early will I rouse ye: Till then, adieu; and keep this holy kiss. As that is desperate which we would prevent. In the mean time, against thou shalt awake, Shall Romeo by my letters know our drift, And hither shall he come: and he and I Will watch thy waking, and that very night Shall Romeo bear thee hence to Mantua.
And this shall free thee from this present shame; If no inconstant toy, nor womanish fear, Abate thy valour in the acting it. O, tell not me of fear! Farewell, dear father! Exit First Servant Sirrah, go hire me twenty cunning cooks. Exit Second Servant We shall be much unfurnished for this time. What, is my daughter gone to Friar Laurence? Nurse Ay, forsooth. Nurse See where she comes from shrift with merry look. Henceforward I am ever ruled by you. Let me see the county; Ay, marry, go, I say, and fetch him hither.
Now, afore God! They are all forth. God knows when we shall meet again. What should she do here? My dismal scene I needs must act alone. Come, vial. What if this mixture do not work at all? Shall I be married then to-morrow morning? No, no: this shall forbid it: lie thou there. I fear it is: and yet, methinks, it should not, For he hath still been tried a holy man. How if, when I am laid into the tomb, I wake before the time that Romeo Come to redeem me?
Shall I not, then, be stifled in the vault, To whose foul mouth no healthsome air breathes in, And there die strangled ere my Romeo comes? And pluck the mangled Tybalt from his shroud? O, look! Romeo, I come! She falls upon her bed, within the curtains. Nurse They call for dates and quinces in the pastry. First Servant Things for the cook, sir; but I know not what. Second Servant I have a head, sir, that will find out logs, And never trouble Peter for the matter.
Thou shalt be logger-head. Music within Nurse! What, nurse, I say! Enter Nurse Nurse Mistress! Why, love, I say! What, not a word? God forgive me, Marry, and amen, how sound is she asleep! I must needs wake her. Madam, madam, madam! Will it not be? I must needs wake you; Lady!
Alas, alas! Help, help! O, well-a-day, that ever I was born! Some aqua vitae, ho! My lord! Nurse O lamentable day! Nurse Look, look! O heavy day! My child, my only life, Revive, look up, or I will die with thee! Call help. O son! There she lies, Flower as she was, deflowered by him. Nurse O woe! O woful, woful, woful day! Most lamentable day, most woful day, That ever, ever, I did yet behold! O day! O hateful day! Never was seen so black a day as this: O woful day, O woful day!
O love! O life! Uncomfortable time, why camest thou now To murder, murder our solemnity? O child! Dead art thou! Heaven and yourself Had part in this fair maid; now heaven hath all, And all the better is it for the maid: Your part in her you could not keep from death, But heaven keeps his part in eternal life. CAPULET All things that we ordained festival, Turn from their office to black funeral; Our instruments to melancholy bells, Our wedding cheer to a sad burial feast, Our solemn hymns to sullen dirges change, Our bridal flowers serve for a buried corse, And all things change them to the contrary.
Nurse Honest goodfellows, ah, put up, put up; For, well you know, this is a pitiful case. Exit First Musician Ay, by my troth, the case may be amended. First Musician No. First Musician What will you give us? First Musician Then I will give you the serving-creature. First Musician An you re us and fa us, you note us. Second Musician Pray you, put up your dagger, and put out your wit.
I will dry-beat you with an iron wit, and put up my iron dagger. What say you, Simon Catling? Musician Marry, sir, because silver hath a sweet sound. What say you, Hugh Rebeck? What say you, James Soundpost? Third Musician Faith, I know not what to say. Second Musician Hang him, Jack! I dreamt my lady came and found me dead— Strange dream, that gives a dead man leave to think!
Ah me! Dost thou not bring me letters from the friar? How doth my lady? Is my father well? How fares my Juliet? What, Rome? O Rome, I make thee promise: If the redress will follow, thou receivest Thy full petition at the hand of Brutus! Go to the gate; somebody knocks.
Between the acting of a dreadful thing And the first motion, all the interim is Like a phantasma, or a hideous dream: The Genius and the mortal instruments Are then in council; and the state of man, Like to a little kingdom, suffers then The nature of an insurrection. O conspiracy, Shamest thou to show thy dangerous brow by night, When evils are most free? O, then by day Where wilt thou find a cavern dark enough To mask thy monstrous visage? Seek none, conspiracy; Hide it in smiles and affability: For if thou path, thy native semblance on, Not Erebus itself were dim enough To hide thee from prevention.
Know I these men that come along with you? This is Trebonius. What watchful cares do interpose themselves Betwixt your eyes and night? Here, as I point my sword, the sun arises, Which is a great way growing on the south, Weighing the youthful season of the year. Some two months hence up higher toward the north He first presents his fire; and the high east Stands, as the Capitol, directly here.
But if these, As I am sure they do, bear fire enough To kindle cowards and to steel with valour The melting spirits of women, then, countrymen, What need we any spur but our own cause, To prick us to redress?
I think he will stand very strong with us. But, alas, Caesar must bleed for it! And, friends, disperse yourselves; but all remember What you have said, and show yourselves true Romans. BRUTUS Good gentlemen, look fresh and merrily; Let not our looks put on our purposes, But bear it as our Roman actors do, With untired spirits and formal constancy: And so good morrow to you every one.
Fast asleep? It is not for your health thus to commit Your weak condition to the raw cold morning. Dear my lord, Make me acquainted with your cause of grief. Good Portia, go to bed. What, is Brutus sick, And will he steal out of his wholesome bed, To dare the vile contagion of the night And tempt the rheumy and unpurged air To add unto his sickness?
No, my Brutus; You have some sick offence within your mind, Which, by the right and virtue of my place, I ought to know of: and, upon my knees, I charm you, by my once-commended beauty, By all your vows of love and that great vow Which did incorporate and make us one, That you unfold to me, yourself, your half, Why you are heavy, and what men to-night Have had to resort to you: for here have been Some six or seven, who did hide their faces Even from darkness.
Within the bond of marriage, tell me, Brutus, Is it excepted I should know no secrets That appertain to you? Am I yourself But, as it were, in sort or limitation, To keep with you at meals, comfort your bed, And talk to you sometimes?
Dwell I but in the suburbs Of your good pleasure? Knocking within Hark, hark! All my engagements I will construe to thee, All the charactery of my sad brows: Leave me with haste.
Boy, stand aside. Caius Ligarius! Would you were not sick! Soul of Rome! Brave son, derived from honourable loins! Thou, like an exorcist, hast conjured up My mortified spirit. Now bid me run, And I will strive with things impossible; Yea, get the better of them. What it is, my Caius, I shall unfold to thee, as we are going To whom it must be done.
Enter a Servant Servant My lord? Servant I will, my lord. You shall not stir out of your house to-day. There is one within, Besides the things that we have heard and seen, Recounts most horrid sights seen by the watch. O Caesar! Yet Caesar shall go forth; for these predictions Are to the world in general as to Caesar.
Of all the wonders that I yet have heard. It seems to me most strange that men should fear; Seeing that death, a necessary end, Will come when it will come. Re-enter Servant What say the augurers? Servant They would not have you to stir forth to-day. Plucking the entrails of an offering forth, They could not find a heart within the beast. Do not go forth to-day: call it my fear That keeps you in the house, and not your own.
Decius, go tell them Caesar will not come. If you shall send them word you will not come, Their minds may change. Pardon me, Caesar; for my dear dear love To our proceeding bids me tell you this; And reason to my love is liable. I am ashamed I did yield to them. Give me my robe, for I will go.
Good morrow, Casca. Good morrow, Antony. Now, Cinna: now, Metellus: what, Trebonius! There is but one mind in all these men, and it is bent against Caesar. If thou beest not immortal, look about you: security gives way to conspiracy. The mighty gods defend thee! My heart laments that virtue cannot live Out of the teeth of emulation. If thou read this, O Caesar, thou mayst live; If not, the Fates with traitors do contrive. How hard it is for women to keep counsel!
Art thou here yet? Run to the Capitol, and nothing else? And so return to you, and nothing else? Hark, boy! Soothsayer At mine own house, good lady.
Soothsayer About the ninth hour, lady. Soothsayer Madam, not yet: I go to take my stand, To see him pass on to the Capitol. Soothsayer That I have, lady: if it will please Caesar To be so good to Caesar as to hear me, I shall beseech him to befriend himself. Soothsayer None that I know will be, much that I fear may chance.
Good morrow to you. Ay me, how weak a thing The heart of woman is! O Brutus, The heavens speed thee in thine enterprise! Sure, the boy heard me: Brutus hath a suit That Caesar will not grant. O, I grow faint. Run, Lucius, and commend me to my lord; Say I am merry: come to me again, And bring me word what he doth say to thee.
Exeunt severally. Soothsayer Ay, Caesar; but not gone. Come to the Capitol. I fear our purpose is discovered. Brutus, what shall be done? If this be known, Cassius or Caesar never shall turn back, For I will slay myself. He draws Mark Antony out of the way. Let him go, And presently prefer his suit to Caesar. What is now amiss That Caesar and his senate must redress? These couchings and these lowly courtesies Might fire the blood of ordinary men, And turn pre-ordinance and first decree Into the law of children.
Thy brother by decree is banished: If thou dost bend and pray and fawn for him, I spurn thee like a cur out of my way. Know, Caesar doth not wrong, nor without cause Will he be satisfied. Then fall, Caesar.
Tyranny is dead! Run hence, proclaim, cry it about the streets. Publius, good cheer; There is no harm intended to your person, Nor to no Roman else: so tell them, Publius. How many ages hence Shall this our lofty scene be acted over In states unborn and accents yet unknown!
If Brutus will vouchsafe that Antony May safely come to him, and be resolved How Caesar hath deserved to lie in death, Mark Antony shall not love Caesar dead So well as Brutus living; but will follow The fortunes and affairs of noble Brutus Thorough the hazards of this untrod state With all true faith.
Every thought that makes you resent or despise someone else, or makes you work against the purposes of God, is from the devil, not from you. When such thoughts come to you, immediately discern and reject them. Wickedness was in his heart continually. Creating, recalling, reviewing, and processing are all up to you. Think what would have happened if He had frowned at them. Maybe they would have passed out or even died from fear.
Then the news would have gone around that a ghost killed them, when, in reality, they died of fear. So with our minds we give meaning, interpretation, and reason to the images we receive and process. You can give reason to whatever you create in your mind, and also give it a language for expression. What then should the unrighteous do about his state, since, according to Jeremiah and Genesis , his heart is desperately wicked and his thoughts are only evil continually?
He says he must be re-created; he must be born again and receive a new nature and a new heart. But the question of his negative, evil thoughts still remains, even after he instantly receives a new heart by the miracle of salvation. And God still holds him responsible for his thoughts, in spite of his new nature.
The Lord holds you responsible for your thoughts, and He expects you to change your way of thinking to conform with His Word. Science calls it telepathy: a transference of thought from one mind to another by extrasensory means. Did you know, for instance, that your room has thoughts from you? The walls, furniture, clothing, etc. Start learning to think happy thoughts.
Change your thinking; start by saying the right things, uttering words of gratitude, and singing songs of praise to God. This is how you can use your mind to cause good things to flow in your direction and stop the wrong, negative, or evil things from happening around you.
Strongholds can also be thoughts that have been established in your mind as a result of your background and the way you were brought up to think. They could also be cultural and traditional beliefs that may even be recognised and accepted as societal norms. But all they do is prevent new thoughts from God from entering your mind.
In essence, strongholds are mental walls of containment that prevent people from advancing in the things of God. These are strongholds! This refers to falsely exalted systems of ethics, religion, philosophy, etc.
But thanks be unto God who has fortified us with an impregnable armour and made us invulnerable to these satanic onslaughts against the mind. In Ephesians , Paul itemises the different parts of our formidable and impregnable armour. The belt of truth 2. The breastplate of righteousness 3. The boots of preparedness of the gospel 4. The shield of faith 5. The helmet of salvation, and 6. Now, the rendering of the 16th verse in the KJV may be a little misleading. An enlightening commentary by W.
Conybeare argues that had this been the case, the shield of faith would have been listed last, but Paul went on to mention two more items of the armour after the shield of faith. It was a large, four by two-and-a-half feet, oblong shield, and not the comparatively small, round one. One of the most dangerous weapons in ancient warfare was the fiery dart—an arrow tipped with tow dipped in pitch.
The pitch-soaked tow was set alight and the flaming arrow launched at the enemy. To combat this, the Roman soldier, fully covered under or behind his shield, presented it to the arrow, which was quenched upon sinking into the shield. But with your shield of faith, you can and should quench every single dart the enemy fires at you. What do you use to overthrow the strongholds of the adversary?
The sword of the Spirit—the Word of God! Remember, this is the only offensive weapon in our arsenal. You overthrow those as well with the sword of the Spirit. He still operates the same way today. If you were, then why do you still feel the pain? With your armour in place, nothing the devil throws at you can penetrate. And with the sword of the Spirit, you can go on the offensive against him and tear down his strongholds.
Glory to God! This refers more particularly to different degrees of affection, disaffection, and passion. You can be more or less affectionate toward someone or something. So there can be affection or disaffection. You can also be passionate for or against.
These are all products of the mind. So he told them not to manufacture worry or pain, because those things would bring them down and destroy them. I will not fail nor forsake you.
Like Joshua, the Lord is asking you to be strong and very courageous. But how are you going to be strong? Refuse to dwell on pain, displeasure, worry, and all such negative feelings and emotions. Be Christ-like in your attitude. Extend your love attention and care to others, even if they despise and disrespect you. God wants His Word in your spirit, and to control your mind as well. It goes further to let you know that in renewing your mind, you will prove what is that good, and acceptable, and perfect will of God.
Read this scripture slowly to yourself and meditate on it. It will not have power over me. Refuse to let your life be a vent for satanic expressions. Therefore, satan has no authority in any part of your life. Your mind and mental receptacle system may be processing myriads of thought-signals coming through it even now as you read this book.
There can be a barrage of thoughts bombarding your mind at any point in time, but you ultimately decide and choose the one you want to dwell on. Is not the life more than meat, and the body than raiment? Behold the fowls of the air: for they sow not, neither do they reap, nor gather into barns; yet your heavenly Father feedeth them.
Are ye not much better than they? Which of you by taking thought can add one cubit unto his stature? It is better to associate the strokes with the sounds they represent, and treat the longhand spelling as a separate matter entirely.
Even though many people do not pronounce the H, you should still learn the different forms because of their usefulness in providing distinguishing outlines and because the longhand still needs to be spelled correctly regardless of popular pronunciation. Outlines should be consistent and not change to reflect people's differing pronunciation. This is not an additional hook to give an additional sound. It is therefore best to learn the stroke as a whole without mentally taking it apart into its constituent sounds.
These two strokes are therefore not compound consonants. Never written downwards. These two hooks add their sound to the Ell in the same way that Circle S adds its consonant before a stroke i.
The aim is to keep related words looking similar, and have distinctive outlines for words that may have the same consonant structure but a different spread of vowels or different derivation. Top of page Phrases and compound words Whichever form of W is used in the basic outline, this may change to one of the other methods when the word becomes part of a phrase or compound word.
The main consideration is the ease of the join, producing a speedy and reliable outline, but the resultant outline must be easy to read back, even when vowels and unattached signs are omitted. It is seldom necessary to insert any of the unattached semicircles when writing phrases, but they are shown in some of the examples, so that you know where the signs belong.
Stroke Way replaced by medial semicircle. They also need to have a semicircle at all times, whether attached or unattached, because in phrases or compound words they could be read as "man" "men".
The phrase "men and women" is common enough to remain unvocalised, but in other phrases vowels may be necessary to show whether these words are singular or plural. The verb "will" in phrases is represented by a plain upward Ell and the semicircle is not necessary — it is always very clear what is meant and to insert it would defeat the purpose of the phrase, which is to gain speed.
When "will" is used as a noun, it can take the semicircle, if felt necessary: will, I will, he will, that you will be, if he will have but goodwill freewill "Were" in phrases takes whatever form is easiest to write.
Again, the meaning is always clear because the word groupings involved are so common, and medial semicircle or vowel signs need not be written: were, you were, they were "Well" in phrases does take a medial semicircle, but is easily omitted without losing clarity: well, very well, so well Rather than hesitate over semicircles during a dictation, you should use full strokes or write the two halves of the outline separately and then find out the correct outline later. Even in longhand there is often a question over whether to write something as two words, a hyphenated word or one word.
Writing a longer outline or two outlines is far preferable to hesitating and losing the next few words. Making an awkward join, when separate outlines would be more readable and reliable, is also a hindrance. However, joining or not joining can indicate different uses of the same two words, shown up by where the emphasis falls in the sentence underlined. In the second of each of the sentences below, joining the outlines would be inappropriate and make the shorthand awkward to read back: I saw the cat-walk.
I saw the cat walk. This person is trustworthy. We can trust Worthy to do the job. We arrived last week. His last weak excuse was not accepted. Short Form Why This sign is unlike any other.
Prior to the Centenary version of Pitman's Shorthand in , this was the sign for the W or HW plus the "eye" sound, as in "wife" "Wight" "white", and also the short form "why" that we still use. It behaved like the W semicircle — sometimes joined initially to certain strokes, sometimes unattached medially. Longhand often uses the letter W to indicate a long vowel. To continue the direction of curve of the preceding or next stroke, or its hook or circle, i.
Make a legible join with the next stroke in the outline. This may necessitate ignoring the rule of similar motion. With certain strokes, to differentiate between words that have an initial or final vowel and those that do not.
Vowel indication only occurs in cases where both directions of Ell are equally convenient. Some of the words naturally fall into pairs e. An initial downwards Ell cannot take an initial circle or loop. Note the placing of the vowel signs against the Ell: first place vowels are written at the beginning of the stroke, which with downwards Ell is at the top. In such cases it is behaving similarly to stroke Chay. This does not produce an ideal join to the Ell shallow angle, and both strokes going backwards but does allow similar motion between the En and Ell.
Presumably the thickness of Jay helps readability despite the poor join compare with "unlatch" below. Ell used in phrases for "will" is normally upwards. Special outlines London Londoner Londonderry but generally thus: Landon Linton After small Shun Hook, follow the motion — most of them have downward Ell: sensational positional conversational transitional compensational Top of page e These not only continue the motion, but also produce compact outlines with clear sharp joins film fulminate volume voluminous vellum Velma realm column columnar calumny Coleman calamity coulomb calamine columbine Colombo Columbus skulk skullcap but skulker onlooker to join the Ker helterskelter compare skelter scolder scalder — one might expect upwards Ell in the second part of "helterskelter" in order to retain the direction of the circle, but compactness is more important here.
For compactness: unwarlike mirrorlike lawyerlike Compare warlike warily rarely relic Top of page 2. Clear join with preceding or next stroke Downwards Ell does not always make a good join with the following stroke, or may produce an outline with too much backward movement, so in some cases the rule of similar motion cannot be used.
With some of the words beginning "-un" this has the incidental advantage of retaining the outlines they are derived from: inlaid unlaid unled unload unladen unladylike unlatch unlearn unlovable unleavened unleash unlettered unlighted unlikelihood unlaboured unlabelled unsullied insulted unsling enslave unsaleable facile but facility fuselage fossilology footslog Note distinguishing outlines: unsold unsoiled unsold has the shorter outline as it is the most frequent word; outlines with diphthongs very often keep the strokes in full Hook L is used in a few instances even though vowels may intervene where it produces a brief and distinctive outline that cannot clash with anything else more such outlines on Theory 7 Hooks R L page : analytic enliven molecule Top of page 3.
Vowel indication For initial and final Ell, and only with certain strokes, different in each case. Vowel indication never occurs medially — medial Ell is chosen only for convenience and to a lesser degree to show derivatives.
Downward Ell standing alone never takes a hook, as this would look like stroke Wel. Normal upwards Ell is used, which also achieves similar motion: scrawl scrawly scroll scrolly secretly The rule for final vowel indication is stretched to include these: actual actually structural structurally artistical artistically fantastical fantastically statistical statistically logistical logistically egotistical egotistically These follow similar motion, but do not vary for final vowel indication: intellectual intellectually conjectural conjecturally electoral Note: electorial When a suffix is adding another L sound to a word that already ends in L, the outline repeats the Ell, to reflect the lengthened pronunciation.
Only an extra final dot is needed: weasel weaselly tinsel tinselly It is always helpful to insert the final vowel sign if the outline itself does not show whether there is a final vowel or not. A small number of words with halved strokes take a downward Ell to achieve similar motion with the preceding curve, hook or circle.
Such words generally do not come in pairs like "full fully" and so similar motion is the only issue: completely boldly bloodless softly swiftly exactly adequately worldly Compare proudly broadly sprightly strictly contritely where the normal upward Ell achieves similar motion as a matter of course.
Note also short form coldly. Top of page Derivatives Some derivative outlines may change the direction of the stroke Ell. In those cases the Ell is repeated. This section on negatives points up the necessity for shorthand writers to have a good grasp of how English words are formed and their meanings.
These and similar negatives are also described on Theory 18 Prefixes page. This is the same liberty that is being taken when the first place "I" diphthong is joined to the end of the stroke e. The short form includes the L sound, so no stroke Ell is required: almost always all-wise all-round all-rounder almighty already although altogether all-important all-in Top of page Downstroke Ler Downward Ell is thickened to add the unaccented sound of "-er".
It is it is only used where a downward Ell would normally be used, i. No vowel sign is required for the unaccented vowel within it. The stroke Ld is always written downwards. No vowel comes between the L and D sounds, and no vowel comes after it. Ray joins better in most combinations. It is faster to write than Ar and, because there are more downstrokes than upstrokes in Pitman's Shorthand, using Ray keeps a large number of outlines from descending too far.
If the vowel calls for Ar, it is used where it joins well, mainly before horizontal or upstrokes: barely bearskin Brierley terseness tiresome tireless sparsely scarcely securely doorman determine similarly requirement diurnal angular binocular Ar is sometimes used before a right clockwise curve to gain a more flowing outline, despite a vowel following it: quarrel squirrel flourish aneurism neural neuralgia but neurotic neurosis Top of page 3. A non-standard suggested contraction could be to disjoin or intersect stroke En with "surmountable" and write in 3rd position.
Before Kay Gay vowel indication is often possible: fork ferric forego farrago cork Carrick cargo Garrick clerk cleric lark lyric Sark cirque sarcasm circus circuit stark Syriac Syracuse sirocco stearic resurrect insurrection Top of page 5.
Keeping them in your vocabulary notebook whenever they are encountered is helpful, so they can be practised further. After 2 downstrokes use Ray to keep the outline from descending too far: prepare despair disappear aspire stapler taxpayer ratepayer horse-power proposer trespasser Shakespeare occasionally Shakespere babbler troubler butler splutterer totterer chatterer hairdresser discoverer ditherer tax-gatherer treasurer bookstore downstairs upstairs endorser brigadier bugbear blusterer pesterer plasterer Note: fosterer to avoid awkward join After Eff and Vee, Ar gives a more facile outline, which outweighs having 3 downstrokes: pacifier testifier defier decipherer justifier exemplifier baffler trifler muffler shuffler shoveller Top of page 2.
The resulting join between Ray and Ar is not ideal, so care is needed to write accurately: rarer roarer hurrier hairier abhorrer adherer but horror horary Note the following where the hook or circle shows the junction: harasser rehearse rehearser resorter referrer reverter heronry hero-worship The above outlines need not invade the line above, because they are written at a shallow angle. Invading the line above is not critical, because that line is already written; descending too far is more to be avoided because you will have to jump over the lower part of that outline when writing on the next line.
Top of page 7. This is in contrast to single syllable derivatives, which generally change their form as necessary e. Pairs of such outlines need to be distinctive as most of the time they will be unvocalised. This is achieved by changing the R stroke if possible, or adding an additional R stroke. This method is only concerned with producing pairs of different outlines and avoiding bad joins, not with showing the meaning of the prefix or any attempt to reflect the two R's in the longhand: 1.
Change Ray to Ar, this accords with normal vowel indication: relevant irrelevant replaceable irreplaceable retrievable irretrievable religious irreligious 2. If the Ray cannot be changed because a bad join would result, then add Ar to the beginning.
No vowel sign comes between the two R strokes: radiate irradiate reclaimable irreclaimable redeemable irredeemable reducible irreducible rational irrational 3. If unsure about an "irr-" word during dictation, add the extra initial Ar anyway, whether it is correct or not — it will be perfectly legible.
Avoiding hesitation during dictation is the highest priority, but the outline should be looked up and drilled at the first opportunity, so that you are always using the shortest outline available. R not shown Suffixes -ward -wort -wart -yard. These are unvocalised when used as suffixes. See Theory 10 Halving page for description and examples. Only the hooked form can be halved. When no vowel follows, the P is hardly sounded. It is therefore omitted and a halved Em is used to represent the M P T sound.
This reflects the pronunciation and produces a shorter outline. Do not be misled by the final "-ed" in the longhand spelling, the pronunciation is always the T sound. The compound sound MBD i. With such words you could use stroke Imp if you wanted, but your outline would not match the theory book or the dictionary.
You cannot however use a thickened halved Em, because that is not available, being already used to represent plain MD. What people say when they are speaking carefully may be entirely different from their pronunciation in actual fast usage.
Top of page 2. A lone stroke, thickened, halved and with shun hook is too indistinct to be reliable. The two strokes shown above represent identical sounds, and which to use depends on the convenience of the join.
If the word is derived from one that uses a hook i. Top of page Finally 1. The reason for this is not explained, but I am assuming it is to provide an extra differentiation between the two strokes. A non-theory suggestion would be to write "fiendish" with the Ish through the line. Compare with "misshape" above. If all the curves went the same way, the outline would be difficult to read and become illegible when written at speed.
Top of page Words of non-English origin Words of French origin often pronounce their longhand "ch" with the Ish sound, although the rest of the word generally accords with English pronunciation.
If you used Ish you would then have to change the past tenses to much longer outlines with full stroke Dee. SK: schema scholar schizophrenia schizanthus scherzo schism ischiatic eschatology scholium schooner Pasch paschal CH: escheat eschew kitsch klatsch 1. The dot represents the whole of the syllable — do not write an extra stroke M or N just because the longhand has two of that letter.
The con dot is not omitted in the way that vowel dots are omitted at will. With some stroke combinations chiefly after Pee Bee Tee Dee it may be possible to also indicate the vowel of the second part by writing that in position as well, but not at the expense of keeping the two close together.
Disjoining: writing the parts of an outline near to each other because a they cannot be joined satisfactorily, or b detaching a portion of the outline to signify another suffix, e. Its name reflects the fact that the parts would be joined if they could, or were joined to start with. When using proximity, the outlines take their position from the first vowel of the word, as normal.
In the following, the initial prefix is the first up or downstroke, so that is the one that takes its rightful position in regard to the line. The second half of the outline can also be in position according to its vowel, but only if a convenient outline results: decompose decompression decontaminate discontinue discomfort disconnect disconcerting ill-concealed ill-conceived ill-considered malcontent overconfident overcompensate preconceive preconception precondition recompense recommend recommendation reconcile reconnoitre recondite recombine recondition reconsider reconstruct recommit reconnect recommence subconscious subcommittee subcontract subcontinent well-conducted well-constructed well-connected well-concealed Top of page In the following, the initial prefix is a horizontal stroke.
The first up or downstroke comes somewhere after the con-, so that is the stroke that is written in position in regard to the line. Unlike the "medial con" words listed above, the con- word in such phrases must retain its correct position in regard to the ruled line.
Sometimes the con- word cannot be placed clearly in the combination and is better written with the con dot: Clear combination: should commend, and command, on the committee, beyond the control Needs dot: should command, and commend, on the connection, beyond control, would complete When a vowel-sign short forms is part of a phrase, then proximity can be used because the con- word is being written near a stroke rather than just a floating dot or dash: for the conditions, in the committee, for all consumers, if you would consider Compare: The conditions The committee All consumers would consider If you decide to leave a larger-than-usual space between outlines in order to signify your future punctuation in the transcript, then clearly proximity is not possible.
It would not be appropriate anyway because it should only be used for words that run on easily as per normal phrasing rules and not where there is a natural gap or pause. As shorthand speed is helped by having reasonably compact notes rather than sprawling ones, it is important that only the clearest proximity phrases are used.
When in doubt, retain the dot for the con- word rather than risk a hesitation or unclear notes.
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